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GROUP_CONCAT

语法

GROUP_CONCAT(expr)

描述

该函数将分组中的非NULL值串联起来称为一个字符串。如果分组中的某个值为NULL,而串联的结果为NULL。

系统变量group_concat_max_len控制允许返回的最大字节长度,默认值为1M(>= MariaDB 10.2.4)或1K(<= MariaDB 10.2.3)。

如果group_concat_max_len <= 512,则返回的数据类型为VARBINARYVARCHAR。否则返回的数据类型为BLOBTEXT。至于选择binary还是非binary的类型,由输入来决定。

完整的语法如下:

GROUP_CONCAT([DISTINCT] expr [,expr ...]
             [ORDER BY {unsigned_integer | col_name | expr}
                 [ASC | DESC] [,col_name ...]]
             [SEPARATOR str_val])

DISTINCT关键字从输出字符串中消除值重复的部分。

ORDER BY子句决定了返回值的顺序。

SEPARATOR指定串联各值时使用的分隔符。默认分隔符为逗号(,)。应该尽量避免使用空白字符作为分隔符。

GROUP_CONCAT

MariaDB starting with 10.3.3

MariaDB 10.3.2之前,GROUP_CONCAT函数中无法使用LIMIT子句。从MariaDB 10.3.3开始该限制被移除。

示例

SELECT student_name,
       GROUP_CONCAT(test_score)
       FROM student
       GROUP BY student_name;

mysql.user表中获取易读的user列表:(注意,下面没有使用GROUP BY子句)

SELECT GROUP_CONCAT(DISTINCT User ORDER BY User SEPARATOR '\n')
   FROM mysql.user;

在上面的示例中,使用DISTINCT来消除重复的user字段值。且使用换行符(\n)作为分隔符。

获取允许连接的user列表:

SELECT User, GROUP_CONCAT(Host ORDER BY Host SEPARATOR ', ') 
   FROM mysql.user GROUP BY User ORDER BY User;

上面的示例演示了GROUP_CONCAT中的ORDER BYSELECT中的ORDER BY的区别,前者是对串联host值排序,后者是对行排序。

MariaDB 10.3.3开始,GROUP_CONCAT函数中可以使用LIMIT子句。例如给定如下表:

CREATE TABLE d (dd DATE, cc INT);

INSERT INTO d VALUES ('2017-01-01',1);
INSERT INTO d VALUES ('2017-01-02',2);
INSERT INTO d VALUES ('2017-01-04',3);

如下查询:

SELECT SUBSTRING_INDEX(GROUP_CONCAT(CONCAT_WS(":",dd,cc) ORDER BY cc DESC),",",1) FROM d;
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| SUBSTRING_INDEX(GROUP_CONCAT(CONCAT_WS(":",dd,cc) ORDER BY cc DESC),",",1) |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2017-01-04:3                                                               |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+

重写为更简单易读的语句:

SELECT GROUP_CONCAT(CONCAT_WS(":",dd,cc) ORDER BY cc DESC LIMIT 1) FROM d;
+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| GROUP_CONCAT(CONCAT_WS(":",dd,cc) ORDER BY cc DESC LIMIT 1) |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2017-01-04:3                                                |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+

See Also

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