Readwritesplit
Readwritesplit
This document provides a short overview of the readwritesplit router module and its intended use case scenarios. It also displays all router configuration parameters with their descriptions. A list of current limitations of the module is included and examples of the router's use are provided.
Overview
The readwritesplit router is designed to increase the read-only processing capability of a cluster while maintaining consistency. This is achieved by splitting the query load into read and write queries. Read queries, which do not modify data, are spread across multiple nodes while all write queries will be sent to a single node.
The router is designed to be used with a traditional Master-Slave replication cluster. It automatically detects changes in the master server and will use the current master server of the cluster. With a Galera cluster, one can achieve a resilient setup and easy master failover by using one of the Galera nodes as a Write-Master node, where all write queries are routed, and spreading the read load over all the nodes.
Configuration
Readwritesplit router-specific settings are specified in the configuration file of MaxScale in its specific section. The section can be freely named but the name is used later as a reference from listener section.
For more details about the standard service parameters, refer to the Configuration Guide.
Optional parameters
max_slave_connections
max_slave_connections sets the maximum number of slaves a router session uses at any moment. The default is to use all available slaves.
max_slave_connections=<max. number, or % of available slaves>
max_slave_replication_lag
max_slave_replication_lag specifies how many seconds a slave is allowed to be behind the master. If the lag is bigger than configured value a slave can't be used for routing.
This feature is disabled by default.
max_slave_replication_lag=<allowed lag in seconds>
This applies to Master/Slave replication with MySQL monitor and detect_replication_lag=1 options set.
Please note max_slave_replication_lag must be greater than monitor interval.
use_sql_variables_in
use_sql_variables_in specifies where should queries, which read session variable, be routed. The syntax for use_sql_variable_in is:
use_sql_variables_in=[master|all]
The default is to use SQL variables in all servers.
When value all is used, queries reading session variables can be routed to any available slave (depending on selection criteria). Note, that queries modifying session variables are routed to all backend servers by default, excluding write queries with embedded session variable modifications, such as:
INSERT INTO test.t1 VALUES (@myid:=@myid+1)
In above-mentioned case the user-defined variable would only be updated in the master where query would be routed due to INSERT statement.
Router options
router_options may include multiple readwritesplit-specific options. All the options are parameter-value pairs. All parameters listed in this section must be configured as a value in router_options.
Multiple options can be defined as a comma-separated list of parameter-value pairs.
router_options=<option>,<option>
slave_selection_criteria
This option controls how the readwritesplit router chooses the slaves it connects to and how the load balancing is done. The default behavior is to route read queries to the slave server with the lowest amount of ongoing queries i.e. LEAST_CURRENT_OPERATIONS.
The option syntax:
router_options=slave_selection_criteria=<criteria>
Where <criteria> is one of the following values.
LEAST_GLOBAL_CONNECTIONS, the slave with least connections from MaxScaleLEAST_ROUTER_CONNECTIONS, the slave with least connections from this serviceLEAST_BEHIND_MASTER, the slave with smallest replication lagLEAST_CURRENT_OPERATIONS(default), the slave with least active operations
The LEAST_GLOBAL_CONNECTIONS and LEAST_ROUTER_CONNECTIONS use the connections from MaxScale to the server, not the amount of connections reported by the server itself.
max_sescmd_history
max_sescmd_history sets a limit on how many session commands each session can execute before the session command history is disabled. The default is an unlimited number of session commands.
# Set a limit on the session command history max_sescmd_history=1500
When a limitation is set, it effectively creates a cap on the session's memory consumption. This might be useful if connection pooling is used and the sessions use large amounts of session commands.
disable_sescmd_history
disable_sescmd_history disables the session command history. This way no history is stored and if a slave server fails, the router will not try to replace the failed slave. Disabling session command history will allow connection pooling without causing a constant growth in the memory consumption. The session command history is enabled by default.
# Disable the session command history disable_sescmd_history=true
master_accept_reads
master_accept_reads allows the master server to be used for reads. This is a useful option to enable if you are using a small number of servers and wish to use the master for reads as well.
By default, no reads are sent to the master.
# Use the master for reads master_accept_reads=true
strict_multi_stmt
When a client executes a multi-statement query, all queries after that will be routed to
the master to guarantee a consistent session state. This behavior can be controlled with
the strict_multi_stmt router option. This option is enabled by default.
If set to false, queries are routed normally after a multi-statement query. Warning, this can cause false data to be read from the slaves if the multi-statement query modifies the session state. Only disable the strict mode if you know that no changes to the session state will be made inside the multi-statement queries.
# Disable strict multi-statement mode strict_multi_stmt=false
Routing hints
The readwritesplit router supports routing hints. For a detailed guide on hint syntax and functionality, please read this document.
Limitations
For a list of readwritesplit limitations, please read the Limitations document.
Examples
Examples of the readwritesplit router in use can be found in the Tutorials folder.
Readwritesplit routing decisions
Here is a small explanation which shows what kinds of queries are routed to which type of server.
Routing to Master
Routing to master is important for data consistency and because majority of writes are written to binlog and thus become replicated to slaves.
The following operations are routed to master:
- write statements,
- all statements within an open transaction,
- stored procedure calls, and
- user-defined function calls.
- DDL statements (
DROP|CREATE|ALTER TABLE… etc.) EXECUTE(prepared) statements- all statements using temporary tables
In addition to these, if the readwritesplit service is configured with the max_slave_replication_lag parameter, and if all slaves suffer from too much replication lag, then statements will be routed to the Master. (There might be other similar configuration parameters in the future which limit the number of statements that will be routed to slaves.)
Routing to Slaves
The ability to route some statements to Slaves is important because it also decreases the load targeted to master. Moreover, it is possible to have multiple slaves to share the load in contrast to single master.
Queries which can be routed to slaves must be auto committed and belong to one of the following group:
- read-only database queries,
- read-only queries to system, or user-defined variables,
SHOWstatements, and- system function calls.
Routing to every session backend
A third class of statements includes those which modify session data, such as session system variables, user-defined variables, the default database, etc. We call them session commands, and they must be replicated as they affect the future results of read and write operations, so they must be executed on all servers that could execute statements on behalf of this client.
Session commands include for example:
SETstatementsUSE<dbname>- system/user-defined variable assignments embedded in read-only statements, such as
SELECT (@myvar := 5) PREPAREstatementsQUIT,PING,STMT RESET,CHANGE USER, etc. commands
NOTE: if variable assignment is embedded in a write statement it is routed to Master only. For example, INSERT INTO t1 values(@myvar:=5, 7) would be routed to Master only.
The router stores all of the executed session commands so that in case of a slave failure, a replacement slave can be chosen and the session command history can be repeated on that new slave. This means that the router stores each executed session command for the duration of the session. Applications that use long-running sessions might cause MaxScale to consume a growing amount of memory unless the sessions are closed. This can be solved by setting a connection timeout on the application side.
